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Introduction
Also see Indications Index
Diet for Natural Health Program

Meet Candace Corson MD who co-edited this page.  Please support this website by purchasing our books,DVDs, videos and CDs.

This page identifies several the top selling herbs*.  These botanical medicines have received widespread clinical use in the United States and other countries. Discover their therapeutic effect, biological activity, chemistry, safety and efficacy including research documentation.

Botanical medicines covered in this database may have side effects.  Many holistic health care practitioners believe these natural products are safer than synthetic drugs used for the same condition. Side effects in most trials effect 3% or less of the trial population using the botanical. However, many of the trials have been short term clinical investigations and longer term studies are necessary to better judge safety and efficacy.  Recent studies challenge the efficacy or safety of St. John's wort, Ginkgo, Echinacea, Ephedra, Kava and Garlic.   Be certain to check out the information available in this database on these herbs.

The therapeutic effect of many botanical extracts are often slow and gradual.

Better research design with specific goals and long term testing are underway. It is our goal to update this database often to get new research into your hands as it emerges.In the meantime treat herbal botanicals as medicine.  Use phytopharmaceuticals and nutritional supplements under the care of a licensed holistic health care practitioner.

*The herbs are ranked by total sales in the United States, Circa 1997.

Herbarium

1. Ginkgo   (Photo and more information)

Ginkgo biloba L. $141 MILLION

Family: Ginkgoales

Function: (1)(2)(3) (4)(5) (6)(11)(20)

Medicine: Standardized ginkgo extracts are taken to improve circulation to distal areas including the brain. This may improve function and memory and relieve cognitive and circulatory disorders of the brain. The bilobalides (flavonol glycosides) are antioxidants as well. (17).

Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence from a S.D.A.D. study (LeBars et al.: JAMA. Vol 278; 1997) showed a six month delay in the progression of the disease from many patients using the Ginkgo extract Test subjects took 120 mg of ginkgo per day in three doses of 40mg each. This was a standardized extract of 24 percent ginkgo flavonol glycosides and 6 percent terpene lactones.. Another double blind placebo controlled trial found that Ginkgo extract was approximately three times more effective than the placebo for treating Alzheimer's disease and multi-infarct dementia. (16).

Study: A small study of 13 people with Obsessive-Compulsive disorder (OCD) taking 450 mg of St. John’s Wort extract twice daily at the endpoint of the treatment participants displayed an average drop of 7.4 points on the Yale-Brown Compulsive Scale. Forty two percent of the participants were from much to very much improved on the Clinical Global Impression of Improvement Scale Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression also dropped significantly.(25)

Efficacy Challenged:  the Journal of the American Medical Association has a study challenging the efficacy of Ginkgo for improving short term memory.    See Journal American Medical Association, August, 2002.

Atherosclerotic deposits in the blood vessels of limbs are seen as an early warning sign peripheral areterial disease and intermittent claudication as an end result. Ginkgo may modestly increases the pain free walking distance of patients suffering this disorder. (23)(24)

Most frequent side effect of the 120 to 160mg dose three time per day was stomach upset.

Chemistry: standardized to 24% flavonoid glycosides (quercitin) and 6% terpene lactones. Bilobalides (flavanol glycosides) and ginkgolide are antioxidants (3) (4)(5) (6) (13) (16).  

Dosage: Three 40mg standardized capsules per day (standardized to 24% flavonol glycosides and 6% terpene lactones). Alzheimer's study used up to 240mg. standardized capsule (10) (18)(19). Follow dosage recommendations of manufacturer.

Safety: Well established safety. Side effects minimal may include headache, GI distress, dizziness. Avoid if pregnant or nursing. May exacerbate bleeding disorders. Overdose may cause restlessness, irritability, diarrhea, flushing and vomiting. Standardized product is preferred over dried and powdered leaves. No known side effects during pregnancy and lactation (10) (18) (19).  Ginkgo may have a synergistic, additive effect with other blood thinning drugs sucha as aspirin.

Side Effect of taking ginkgo therapy for mental alertness is inhibition of platelet-activating factor to its membrane receptor.  This may help reduce inflammation and alleviated respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchospasm and general allergic reactions(20) (21).

CAUTION Seeds/Fruit:  Seed are toxic in relatively small amount (40 to 50 seeds).  Fruit juice may cause allergic reaction, dermatitis.

Notes: I have used this herb for eight years and have recommended it to others. Both my parents have Alzheimer's disease. Taking care of them is incentive enough to take care of myself. I take three or for standardized tablets every day. I have used five or six brands and suggest there is no noticeable difference between standardized products.

REFERENCES:

2. Saint John's Wort        (Photo and more information)

Hypericum perforatum L. $120 million

Clusiaceae (syn. Hypericaceae, Guttiferae)

Function: (2) (3) (6) (12) (13)

Dr. Corson's Comments: For mild to moderate depression, several studies in Europe show a benefit of this herb, as a standardized extract of 0.3% hypericin, 300mg, 3 times a day, comparable in anti-depressant effect to a drug standard of imipramine.

In my experience, when it does work, it works beautifully, virtually without side effects and is very well tolerated, but it has a slower onset of action than standard drug therapy, up to 6-8 weeks, and is not appropriate in severely depressed or suicidal patients. I have found better convenience for the patient in using 450mgs 2 times a day, of standardized extract from quality companies. I warn patients about possible photosensitivity, but I have not personally seen this occur. It is generally not to be used with MAO inhibitors, and the concurrent use with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors could theoretically cause excessive serotonin levels, although a very experienced psychiatrist, Dr. Harold Bloomfield, does report successful use of this in his practice (author of Hypericum/ St. John’s Wort).

In general, this herb is probably best used without concomitant drug therapy, and can be used in switching therapy over from drug treatment to this herbal medicine, in selected patients. It is very important to be sure that the symptoms of depression are not due to underlying hypothyroidism and/or adrenal exhaustion (the latter is OFTEN present in people with chronic stress), both of which are actually very common causes of depressive symptoms. The only excellent treatment for these types of depression, is to address the underlying causes, which St. John’s Wort alone cannot do. This is a major reason that I believe herbal treatment (or even drug treatment) fails in many cases: the underlying imbalances (nutritional and metabolic; stress-related and spiritual) have not been addressed.

Medicine: Wound healing and anti-depressant. 

Also, for anxiety and insomnia related to stress and anxiety. Popular for treating non-bi-polar depression. 

Traditionally used for over 2000 years (initially in Greece to drive out evil spirits). 

Internal use of drug: Mono Amine Oxidase (MAO) inhibitor, keeps serotonin brain levels up (serotonin re-uptake inhibitor). (9) (10) (11) (16). Flower infusion or flower tincture used. Said to calm nerves, may relieve insomnia, may boost mood, dispel lethargy, like a nervine, reduces nervous tension internally, tea used as a treatment for PMS premenstrual syndrome treatment.  Tea, standardized capsule and tincture also used to, sciatica, anxiety, shingles, fibrositis.

For internal use to treat anxiety and mild depression:  EFFECTIVE DOSE IN MANY STUDIES WAS 300 MILLIGRAMS OF HYPERICUM EXTRACT CONTAINING A MINIMUM OF .3 PERCENT HYPERICIN ONE OF THE ACTIVE INGREDIENTS. FOR SUCCESSFUL PARTICIPANTS EFFECTS WERE NOTICED AFTER A FEW WEEKS OF DOSAGE (1).

Externally infusion of flowers and leaves used as a cooling, astringent, anti-infective agent, wound healing infection fighter, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, promotes healing, antiseptic, analgesic, externally as poultice or wash for infections, healing burns, bruises, sprains, tendonitis, sprains, neuralgia, cramps. (6) (3) (8)(16).  In vitro wide spread anti-microbial activity against:  influenza, herpes simplex I and II, retrovirus, polio virus, sindbis virus, murine cytomegalovirus, hepatitis C, and against gram negative and gram positive bacteria.  It appears exposure to ultra violet light potentiates anti-microbial activity (16).

OTHER REPORTED MOOD BOOSTERS: KAVA ROOT (sometimes combined with St. John's Wort in fluid extracts), L-tyrosine, serotonin (see file on carbohydrates and serotonin), hormone pregnenolone.

Typical OTC use: Standardized capsules for mood elevation, mild depression.

Chemistry: hypericin and pseudohypericin are quinones. They are red pigmented and have antidepressant activity, and are antiviral (in vitro), anti-cancer (in vitro) antidepressant, used in AIDS research. Xanthones: (in flowers) cardiotonic, diuretic, antibacterial, antiviral, MAO inhibitor. Tannins: (leaves and flowers) styptic, anti diarrhea for external and internal bleeding, dry and bind skin. Coumarins: (throughout plant) umbelliferone and scopoletin anti-fungal, antiviral and in vitro anti-tumor. Essential oils: monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes (highest in plant leaves and flowers just at flowering) calming, sedating, anti-inflammatory, antiseptic, antispasmodic, anti-asthma, for headaches, anti-fungal. Bioflavonoids include: quercitrin, isoquercitrin, rutin, biapegenin(2) (5) (6) (7). Hypericin and bioflavone are sedative. As a family and individually are MAO inhibitors (quercitin) all flavonoids are antioxidants; proanthocyanidin is vasorelaxant, antiviral, antioxidant, anti-ulcer (amentoflavone anti-ulcer, sedative, anti-ulcer). Beta-sitosterol: anti-PMS, anti-menopausal symptoms. Also contains numerous acids: p-coumaric, ferulic, gentisic, chlorogenic, isoferulic...Essential oils, carotenoids, umbelliferone, xanthones, Vit C, tannins, amino acids. Carotenoids are implicated for wound healing properties. GABA neurotransmitter that may have sedative effects.(1)(3)(7)(13)

Standardized Dosage: One 250 mg standardized capsule of .3 to .5% hypericin once per day.

Safety: Millions of Germans have used the herb with no reported deaths as of the date of this writing. Millions more of North Americans are using it now. It is being sold like a vitamin. Of 3250 German patients 2.4% reported side effects including gastrointestinal irritation, restlessness and mild allergic reactions. Do not use in conjunction with other psychoactive medications(16).  Appears to be synergistic with serotonin reuptake inhibitors thereby increasing serotonin levels(17).  May lower activity of simultaneously administered drugs  including nonsedating antihistamines, oral contraceptives, certain anti-retrovirals, antiepileptics, calcium channel blockers, cyclosporine, some chemotherapeutics macrolide antibiotics and select antifungals(18)(19).

Efficacy:  Numerous trials suggest that Echinacea is an effective herb, but a recent study (2002) by the National Institute of Health showed St. John's Wort no more effective in treating major depression that a placebo sugar pill.

Caution: Recent evidence suggests the chronic, long term use (abuse) of Saint John's Wort is undesirable and may have negative health consequences.

It is known, for example, that the use of the herb lowers the effectiveness of the cancer fighting drug irinotecan.  St. John's Wort contains the active compounds hypericin and hyperforin that induce cytochrome P 450 to increase the rate of breakdown (metabolism) of irinotecan causing a 40% decline in the anticancer drug's activity (20).

WARNING: Best to buy prepared products, animal studies show the plant to cause photo dermatitis, photo allergic reaction. This phototoxicity, as yet, has not been demonstrated as a problem in humans(1997) when taken recommended dosage. Phototoxicity was demonstrated in humans in doses twice that of typical antidepressant dosage. Once again, consult a physician before using the drug (supplement). Do not use with sleep aids, sleeping pills, seserpine (antagonistic to it), barbiturates.

Notes on Kitchen Preparation: flowers and leaves as tea, flowers and leaves as a poultice or water wash. Can be tinctured in alcohol, steeped in hot water, infused in hot oil. Infusion: two tsp. of fresh herb to 5 oz. of boiling water, steep ten minutes. Tincture: Twenty grams of chopped dried drug to 100ml of ethanol (70%) and stored in dark, sealed bottle. Best tincture is from hot alcohol (150-176F). Be careful heating alcohol can be explosive. Boil water, put alcohol in container in hot water with thermometer, then pour in dried herb when selected temperature is reached. Use a little higher concentration of alcohol as some will be lost to evaporation when heating. Oil macerates: Macerate flowers in oil at 113 degrees F for ten days (Smith). Or according to Christopher Hobbs in oil at 158 degrees F for 12 -24 hours. Exposure to sunlight may increase yield of hypericin. For more details and broader information see HerbalGram No. 40.

REFERENCES:

3. Ginseng (red she)   (photo and more information)

Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (Asian) $98 million dollars

Panax quinquefolium L. (American)

P. pseudoginseng Wall. var. notoginseng

P. trifolius L.

Araliaceae

Function: (1) (3) (7)(9)(10)(16)

Medicine: Root considered a  tonic, stimulant, aphrodisiac, enhances immune response, may improves cerebral circulation and function, may regulates blood pressure and blood sugar.  In Traditional Chinese Medicine terms it tonifies primordial energy.  It is a tonic for spleen and lungs.(1) (20 (3) (8)(16). 

European studies (over 300 papers) show ginseng may increase concentration, alertness, visual and motor coordination, as well as physical performance (9) (10). Other studies suggest that ginseng may increase libido, improving male potency. Used to treat stress, treat cold extremities, short term memory loss, impotence, diabetes, hypertension, adrenal deficiency considered closest thing to a cure-all found in Nature. Both elevates and lowers blood pressure depending on need (11) (8).

Study: Red ginseng was taken in a trial involving 34 participants showed a mild blood pressure lowering effect. The dose was 1.5g of red ginseng three times per day, that is 4.5 g for 8 weeks.

Twenty six of the participants had essential hypertension and saw a calculated drop of systolic blood pressure (+-5%).(19)

Red ginseng can be made by steaming fresh ginseng root.

Type of Ginseng: Characteristics and Use

Asian ginseng=Panax ginseng Warming and stimulating. Red Korean ginseng warms more than Asian white. Increases energy. Tonic. Taken to re-energize depleted body functions (9) (8).

American ginseng=P. quinquefolium Cools, moistens, soothes. Perhaps better tonic than Asian, at least in the eyes of Orientals. Considered adaptogenic, soothing to nerves (10).

Siberian ginseng, Eleutherococcus senticosus, not a true ginseng is treated in the Chinese herb section of this program.

Chemistry: Triterpenoid saponins: gensenosides and panaxosides. Gensenosides are saponins. They are reported as stimulants and antioxidants that may: boost the immune system; lower cholesterol; anti-fungal and anti-microbial. Saponins from other plants have been shown to be anti-tumor, anti-microbial, anti-fungal...See HerbalGram No. 40 page 11-12, American Botanical Council publication (12).

Kitchen Preparation: I use an old sausage grinder to grind hard dried roots into powder. Root is tough enough to ruin--break blades--of electronic pepper mill. Typical dose 5 to 10 grams in decoction, steam decocted for 30 minutes. Put 60 to 100 grams in 1 liter of spirits for 3 or 4 months, drink judiciously. See Angelica s. for Yin and Yang cordial. Food: various teas, chewing gum, soft drinks, cordials, powdered and applied to food, etc.

Alternative Preparation: ½ to 1 teaspoon of powder to a cup of hot water twice a day. Follow this procedure for a month, then take 2 months off, then a month on again. - See Nathaniel Mead, Natural Health Magazine, March April 98, p. 135 (13).

Dosage: One to two grams of the whole dried and prepared root. Short term dosage may be broken up into two doses of approximately ½ gram each. For long term chronic conditions take .4 to .8 gram daily. (6) (8) (9) (11) (14).

Safety: Taking more than 3 grams per day may cause diarrhea, anxiety and insomnia. Mild side effects reported are headache, skin rash. May potentiate caffeine. Large doses may cause hypertension, asthma like symptoms, heart palpitations and rarely dysmenorrhea and other menstrual changes (3) (14).  There have been two reports of interactions with phenelzine a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (see next)(18).

Warning: Avoid ginseng if you have acute illnesses: fever, emphysema, hypertension, arrhythmia, upper respiratory infections and disorders including: asthma, bronchitis. (8) (9). Chinese practitioners caution not to use with colds, pneumonia and other lung infections.(9) (10) Do not use while on internal steroid therapy. May potentiate action of MAO (Monoamine Oxidase) inhibitors (6). Avoid during pregnancy and lactation until further studies are available. (6).

Caution: Ginseng roots imported from China may be sprayed with fungicide. Scrub these roots thoroughly before grinding them for use(15).  I have found many of my Chinese herbs to harbor eggs and larvae that later emerged as some exotic and startling variety of flying insects and fast moving beetles.

Personal Note: I do not use this herb. I am a hot, type-A person. If I were to use one ginseng over the other (American vs Chinese vs Korean vs Siberian) I'd choose American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) because of its cooling , calming effect.

References

4. GARLIC   (Photo and more information)

(Allium sativum L.) $84 million

Liliaceae

Function: (1) (2) (3)(5)(8)(9)(10)(13)(14)

Dr. Corson's Comments: Garlic is perhaps the plant that most blurs the distinction between FOOD and MEDICINE. When I cook with garlic, I am always reminded of the great physician, Hippocrates, who taught us: "LET FOOD BE YOUR MEDICINE, LET MEDICINE BE YOUR FOOD."

Garlic is important as an anti-infective agent, having properties that are anti-fungal, ant-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-bacterial. In today’s world, where fungal infections have become a recurrent and troublesome nuisance to many patients, in association with the widespread use of antibiotics, steroids, and oral contraceptives, I think of garlic as a particularly useful anti-fungal agent, that is widely available, quite effective, inexpensive, and apparently not very easy for fungi to evade by developing resistance.

From master herbalist Lyra Heller, of Metabotanica/Metagenics, I have learned how to make an antibacterial treatment that can be used for acute ear infection (without perforation): one clove of chopped, fresh garlic in 2 tablespoons of olive oil, placed in a large metal spoon or tiny metal pot, and heated to simmer for 3 minutes over the flame of a gas stove. This is then cooled for 5 to 10 minutes, and simmered once more for 3 minutes, then cooled to lukewarm. With a dropper, 3-4 drops of the pure garlic infused oil (no garlic fragments) are placed in both ear canals. Since the tympanic membrane is semi-permeable, it appears able to permit garlic’s anti-bacterial and anti-viral chemistry to enter the middle ear. It should not interfere with the later use of antibiotics if deemed necessary. Since there is much controversy over the proper place of antibiotic treatment in acute and chronic otitis media, I personally think that this approach could be a preferable first step (and often successful one) in the treatment of selected children, with parents who are able and motivated to use such natural methods. (With recurrent ear infections, an underlying cause of food allergies/sensitivities, respiratory allergies, and/or second-hand smoke should always be sought, rather that attempting to deal with this web-like pattern, solely with repeated courses of antibiotics and PE tubes, never allowing the underlying problem to heal. There is certainly a place for antibiotics, but there is much agreement that there currently exists a tremendous overuse of antibiotics, much to the detriment of both the public health, and the individual’s longterm health.)

Vaginal yeast infections (usually caused by the fungus Candida albicans or related species), are a major cause of office visits, expense, missed productivity, and suffering for many women. The major problem underlying the symptom of yeast vaginal infections, is dysbiosis of the gut: an ecologic imbalance of the protective gut flora, often due to the use of antibiotics, but also associated in some women with oral contraceptives or other steroid medications. Here, garlic by mouth can be a useful preventative and part of the long-term healing of recurrent infections. Garlic can be eaten liberally on a regular basis by most people (some are not able to tolerate this, being unable to easily metabolize the sulfer-containing compounds in garlic). Garlic can also be supplemented in capsule or tablet form, but needs to be of high quality to retain its powerful anti-fungal properties (it should be prepared from RAW garlic, and have a standardized amount of allicin activity); 8 to 12 tablets of high-quality garlic are needed for treating yeast infection. For success with recurrent yeast infections, it is mandatory that the patient learn the basics about yeast and the balance of gut ecology, and cut out refined sugars (in my experience, there is no longterm success without taking sugar out of the diet). A helpful resource on this is The Yeast Connection and the Woman, by William Crook, M.D , which explains the multiple other natural and drug agents that often need to be used to resolve this recurrent problem.

The cardiovascular benefits of garlic and becoming more elaborately documented in recent years. It is clear that garlic helps to lower blood pressure, to make abnormal blood clotting less likely (fibrinolytic), to be anti-oxidative, and in several studies to lower cholesterol. It also enhances natural killer cells (NK cells), in vitro. The major limitation of using therapeutic amounts of garlic, is the body odor and breath odor that can occur, making it a social problem that is unacceptable to some. Also, the fibrinolytic properties make garlic a potential problem for interaction with warfarin/coumadin. Patients on coumadin should not take therapeutic amounts of garlic, without careful monitoring. But all in all, this is a very useful botanical medicine and food to know about!

Medicine: Garlic cloves, powder and extract may be Anti-cancer and Anti-helicobacter pylori (stomach cancer agent and cause of ulcers(3). Antibiotic properties have been exhibited in vitro and vivo, providing protection from diarrhea, food poisoning, tuberculosis, flu viruses, bladder infections and yeast infections. Preparations may help lower blood pressure, decreases serum cholesterol and helps prevent coronary blood clotting. (1) (2) (3)

Anti-cancer: May provide cancer protection.. Intercepts activated carcinogens, stimulates biochemical pathways that detoxify foreign molecules (2) (3).  A review of 20 epidemiological studies from 1966 through 1996 showed a strong correlation between Allium consumption and reduced rates of cancer, especially cancer of the gastrointestinal tract. One study (Dorant et al 1996) showed a direct correlation between the consumption of onions and reduced risk of stomach carcinoma. Another study (Gastroenterology, Vol 110, No. 1, 12-20) suggests that the risk of stomach cancer can be cut in half by consuming one half onion or more per day (2).

Warning HIV and Garlic don't mix:  NIH has concluded in 2001 that garlic could cause harmful side effects in people receiving HIV therapy.

Diabetes: Can control blood sugar levels.  It may lower blood pressure it is hypotensive.  May stimulate pancreatic function producing more insulin.

Infections: Garlic may also repel infection spreading ticks. Other sources suggest one clove garlic is effective against mild infections (Simon Mills). (9).  Anti-infective to bacteria causing acne, taken internally as a food for this therapy.

Heart disease:  May reduce cholesterol, LDL, triglycerides while increaseing HDL.  Anti-platelet aggregating (reduces platelet adhesiveness) and may increase fibronolytic activity all combining to reduce atherosclerosis.(16)

Aorta Elasticity Study: It appears garlic helps to maintain the elasticity of the aorta.* In the study elderly adults were given 300 mg of garlic powder daily for two years. After the experimental period the test group showed that garlic slowed age-related increase in aortic stiffness. This improved elasticity may help control blood pressure and put less work on the heart to pump blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body. -Breithaupt-Grogleer K, Ling M, Boudoulas H, Belz GG: Protective effect of chronic garlic intake on elastic properties of aorta in the elderly. Circulation 96:2649-2655, 1997(1).

Systemic antibiotic: Supports natural defenses seamlessly. Indicated for slow viruses (1) (4)

Warming expectorant Like ginger, cinnamon, they are all good for illnesses associated with cold).

CHINESE TRADITIONAL MEDICINE: Hot in the second degree (used to raise body heat). Acrid, tonifies liver, disperses excesses in lungs, wind and cold diseases. Mobilizes stagnant body reserves. Indicated for treating bronchial inflammations. (10).

Dr. Corson:  Garlic is perhaps the plant that most blurs the distinction between FOOD and MEDICINE. When I cook with garlic, I am always reminded of the great physician, Hippocrates, who taught us: “LET FOOD BE YOUR MEDICINE, LET MEDICINE BE YOUR FOOD.”

Garlic is important as an anti-infective agent, having properties that are anti-fungal, ant-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-bacterial. In today’s world, where fungal infections have become a recurrent and troublesome nuisance to many patients, in association with the widespread use of antibiotics, steroids, and oral contraceptives, I think of garlic as a particularly useful anti-fungal agent, that is widely available, quite effective, inexpensive, and apparently not very easy for fungi to evade by developing resistance.

From master herbalist Lyra Heller, of Metabotanica/Metagenics, I have learned how to make an antibacterial treatment that has been used for acute ear infection (without perforation).   (Warning:  this procedure should only be practiced by a licensed holistic health care professional.) The therapy requires one clove of chopped, fresh garlic in 2 tablespoons of olive oil, placed in a large metal spoon or tiny metal pot, and heated to simmer for 3 minutes over the flame of a gas stove. This is then cooled for 5 to 10 minutes, and simmered once more for 3 minutes, then cooled to lukewarm. With a dropper, 3-4 drops of the pure garlic infused oil (no garlic fragments) are placed in both ear canals. Since the tympanic membrane is semi-permeable, it appears able to permit garlic’s anti-bacterial and anti-viral chemistry to enter the middle ear. It should not interfere with the later use of antibiotics if deemed necessary. Since there is much controversy over the proper place of antibiotic treatment in acute and chronic otitis media, I personally think that this approach could be a preferable first step (and often successful one) in the treatment of selected children, with parents who are able and motivated to use such natural methods. (With recurrent ear infections, an underlying cause of food allergies/sensitivities, respiratory allergies, and/or second-hand smoke should always be sought, rather that attempting to deal with this web-like pattern, solely with repeated courses of antibiotics and PE tubes, never allowing the underlying problem to heal. There is certainly a place for antibiotics, but there is much agreement that there currently exists a tremendous overuse of antibiotics, much to the detriment of both the public health, and the individual’s longterm health.)

Vaginal yeast infections (usually caused by the fungus Candida albicans or related species), are a major cause of office visits, expense, missed productivity, and suffering for many women. The major problem underlying the symptom of yeast vaginal infections, is dysbiosis of the gut: an ecologic imbalance of the protective gut flora, often due to the use of antibiotics, but also associated in some women with oral contraceptives or other steroid medications. Here, garlic by mouth can be a useful preventative and part of the long-term healing of recurrent infections. Garlic can be eaten liberally on a regular basis by most people (some are not able to tolerate this, being unable to easily metabolize the sulfur-containing compounds in garlic). Garlic can also be supplemented in capsule or tablet form, but needs to be of high quality to retain its powerful anti- fungal properties (it should be prepared from RAW garlic, and have a standardized amount of allicin activity); 8 to 12 tablets of high-quality garlic are needed for treating yeast infection. For success with recurrent yeast infections, it is mandatory that the patient learn the basics about yeast and the balance of gut ecology, and cut out refined sugars (in my experience, there is no long term success without taking sugar out of the diet). A helpful resource on this is The Yeast Connection and the Woman, by William Crook, M.D , which explains the multiple other natural and drug agents that often need to be used to resolve this recurrent problem.

The cardiovascular benefits of garlic and becoming more elaborately documented in recent years. It is clear that garlic helps to lower blood pressure, to make abnormal blood clotting less likely (fibrinolytic), to be anti-oxidative, and in several studies to lower cholesterol. It also enhances natural killer cells (NK cells), in vitro. The major limitation of using therapeutic amounts of garlic, is the body odor and breath odor that can occur, making it a social problem that is unacceptable to some. Also, the fibrinolytic properties make garlic a potential problem for interaction with warfarin/coumadin. Patients on coumadin should not take therapeutic amounts of garlic, without careful monitoring. But all in all, this is a very useful botanical medicine and food to know about! 

Chemistry: alliin; allithiamine; allyl-disulfide; allyl-monosulfide; arginase; catalase; esterase; oxalate dehydrogenase, oxalic acid; amino acids; chlorogenic-acid; P-coumaric-acid; cycloalliin; raffinose; cytidylic-acid; diallyl-sulfide; diketogluconic-acid; kaempferol; EFA; methyl alliin; phenol oxidase; propane-thiosulfinate; propyloalliin; saponins; beta-sitosterol, alpha-tocopheral; sinapic-acid; succinic-dehydrogenase; sulfur trioxide; umbelliferone; zinc.(2)(4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (12).

DOSE: Antibiotic effect may require: 3-10 cloves per day. Antibiotic effect may take up to ten cloves of garlic per day (3) (12) (13). A study of modest cholesterol lowering effect required nine 800 mg of aged garlic capsules (6-7% cholesterol lowering) (14). Other trials have shown more impressive cholesterol lowering effect, up to 10% (15).

Safety: Headache, flatulence, halitosis, gastric distress, rarely allergies, and changes in intestinal flora. Raw garlic may burn the mouth and irritate the intestinal lining, perhaps causing nausea. Contact with plant and juices may cause a rash, inflammation, dermatitis (3) (6) (7) (11) (13).  Garlic supplements may increase bleeding time for users on warfarin (17)(18).

More safety:  As a food copious amounts of this plant have been eaten for over 100 centuries.  

Notes: I like to roast garlic and eat in profusion--much to the chagrin of my wife and friends. It is integral to most world flavor principles. Garlic and other alliums (onions, chives, leeks) are used worldwide as food and medicine. 

Food: steam or roast cloves. Steam in Wok until soft, then use as a spread on toast with tomatoes (lycopene) and strong cheddar, Swiss, Chevre cheese. Use garlic in salad dressings, pesto, stews, soups, fish, omelets, stir fry. See world flavor principles to discover other ways of preparing garlic.

REFERENCES:

5. Echinacea, purple coneflower   (Photo and more information)

Echinacea purpurea L., E. angustifolia

Compositae/Asteraceae

(Click here to discover how to make an echinacea tincture. I prefer this herb for treating acute infections over golden seal.

Function:(1)(2)(3)(5)(6)(7)(8)(11)(14)(15)(16)

Dr. Corson Comments:  I recommend this excellent Native-American, immune-boosting herb, to most people, but I do avoid it in two groups of people:

1. Those allergic to the Aster/Daisy family

2. Those with active auto-immune disease

Echinacea is very useful at the onset of upper respiratory infections. It needs to be started immediately, taken 3 times a day and continued until the person is well. Unlike Astragalus, it is not meant for long-term, routine use, as it boosts immune function by some 32%, and the immune system will not tolerate this longterm and will readjust so that the herb will not help as well when needed again for an acute infection.

Although there are not yet conclusive studies on using Echinacea in a prophylactic, or preventive way, I have personally been pleased with using it prophylactically (orally) to prevent infection from small puncture wounds, after thorough cleansing of the wound and proper wound care. I also personally use it prophylactically when I have a known exposure to a respiratory infection or gastroenteritis, but only when I personally feel at greater risk than normal, i.e. over-tired, over-stressed, during travel, or with worse nutrition than usual, etc. I am just sharing my personal approach to my own health, from what I know and have experienced as a health professional.

Medicine: Standardized extracts used to fight and primarily preventing acute infections such as colds and flu. 

Enhances immunity in several ways. Polysaccharide initiated response follows bell curve: steep initial activity, improving immune response up to 32%. Then response peaks. After four to six days tapers off. Therefore used for acute instead of chronic conditions. 

A few manufacturers have recommended longer use of standardized extractions for treating chronic conditions...My personal experience is that this has not be effective for me.   Most useful as a preventative, more so than a treatment.  However, Cichoric acid and akylamides are longer acting and have prompted research on long term usage. Used internally for skin diseases, fungal infections both Candida and Listeria, slow healing wounds, boils, gangrene, upper respiratory tract infections, sinusitis, externally for acne and psoriasis (not proven by this sufferer).

Root oil may inhibit leukemia cells in vitro and vivo studies, active chemistry may be (Z)-1,8-pentacecadiene in root oil (16).

Chemistry: cichoric acid, akylamides, polysaccarides . Cichoric acid and akylamides are antimicrobial and prolong protective effects after reflex action of polysaccharides wears off. Chemistry exhibits activity similar to steroids and interferon. Also contains: apigenin; arabinogalactan (root); various caffeoyl compounds (see Duke's Database from CRC Press), echinacin, echinacoside, echinacein, echinolone; germacrene; various dicaffeoylquinic acids; isobutylamides; chlorogenic acid; germacrene; humulene; limonene; myrcene; quercetin (leaf); flavonoids high in leaves; alpha pinene; beta-pinene; palmitic-acid; kaempferol, rutin; rutoside; polysaccharide in root: rhamnoarabinogalactan (2) (3)(14).  Also,(Z)-1,8-pentacecadiene in root oil (anti-leukemia agent( (16).

Dosage: Dosage is not well defined.  extracts come in solid and liquid form.  Solid extract: 500 to 900 mg standardized dry extract per day. For surgery 900 mg for 6-8 weeks after surgery.(1) For chemotherapy use 900 mg standardized dry extract on day 3 of chemotherapy through day 14 of 3 week or monthly cycle (also see astragalus).(1)

I make a 30% per cent alcohol tincture of the flower heads, leaves and roots: live whole plant extraction. Dosage is 10-20 drops (about 15 ml.) three or four times per day.  this is actually more than is recommended on standardized whole plant liquid extractions.  If you purchase Echinacea extract over the counter follow recommendations on bottle (manufacturers recommendations).

Safety: The juice of E. purpurea is well tolerated and appropriate for long term oral use according to Parnham(12). the reviewer detected no safety concerns for continued use up to 12 weeks. There were, "no adverse reactions other than aversion to the taste." Test showed improvement in individuals with slight to moderate depression of immunity. Schoneberger (13) found that Echinacea lozenges had no significant effect on marathon runners. Limit therapy to 8 weeks because long term and repeated use may depress immunity.(4)  

Efficacy Challenged:  A recent study (2000) financed by Procter & Gamble Co. which markets Vicks related cold products found that Echinacea had "no significant effect on either the occurrence of infection or the severity of illness."

Pregnancy: A study of 412 pregnant Canadian women 206 of which took Echinacea during pregnancy (112 of which took the herb in the first trimester of pregnancy.   Malformations of babies was equivalent between the control group and the test population.  There were 6 major and 6 minor malformations in the control group and 7 major and 7 minor malformations in the control population. Spontaneous abortions were twice as frequent in the Echinacea group, including 13 spontaneous abortions(17).   Use of Echinacea while pregnant must take in consideration the reward and risks involved.  Consult your physician before using Echinacea while pregnant.   At this time we do not recommend use Echinacea during pregnancy due to inadequate research (11) .

NOTES: I have used alcohol tincture of E. purpurea as a gargle for mouth and tongue ulcers. Analgesic pain killer and hastens healing. I have used a single dose of the alcohol floral extraction to prevent gastroenteritis.

I had a deep staphlococcus infection (cellulitis) encysted in my buttock. My physician suggested that I have it cut out before it broke out to in infect other parts of my body. I begged to try the Echinacea floral extraction (see Herbal Preparations and Nutritional Therapies video)(3). The large cyst like infection disappeared in three days and has not returned. I continued the therapy for a total of six days (single dose 3X per day)(3).

My coneflowers are from the Fernwood Botanic Gardens prairie. One of the last of its kind in Michigan. This is my favorite and most used herbal for preventing acute infections. Prairie coneflowers and relatives. Found in the United States and used by native Americans for centuries. Five varieties in use. Now grown throughout the world for esthetic and medicinal purposes. Easily purchased at herb shops and farm markets.

Kitchen Preparation: roots, leaves and flowers are tinctured in 100 proof alcohol on a 1 to 1 Weight to volume basis of fresh whole plant, i.e. leaves, flowers, roots.  You may have to add an ounce of alcohol if you cannot completely cover and saturate fresh plants at a 1:1 ration (see in this database Echinacea tincture or see Meuninck's Herbal and Nutritional Therapies Video for details)(3). 

Echinacea may also be tinctured in glycerin, full strength with the live whole plant, flowers, leaves, root 1:1 wt to volume....Plant parts must be rigorously macerated in tincture. Remove within three hours, liquid from macerated to avoid degradation of cichoric acid by enzyme action. Strain and store in refrigerator...Use glycerin extraction within three months. Alcohol extraction will keep through the entire winter. Echinacea has been combined with Lomatium dissectum for synergistic effect against gram positive bacteria (). (10)

Wildlife/Veterinarian: Used in all my pigeon racing formulas. May help pets who have colds, glycerin is more palatable to them than alcohol extraction (9).

REFERENCES:

6. Saw Palmetto (Photo, more)

Serenoa repens (Bartr.) Small

Palmae

Function:

Typical Medicinal Uses: Extract from the berry is used to treat complications from benign prostatic hyperplasia. Phase I human studies are complete and were successful. Phase two studies are underway sponsored by PharmaPrint. 

Extracts and capsules are available at drug stores and health food stores. 

In one study, saw palmetto berry extract outperformed Proscar (finasteride). Saw palmetto increased urinary flow rate 6.1 ml per second and decreased the amount of residual urine on average by 50%. In the study, 10.7% Finasteride patients discontinued use of the drug because of side effects while only 1.8% of the saw palmetto group discontinued treatment due to side effects.(1) Does not reduce enlargement of prostate, but relieves difficulties associated with enlargement (2)(5). Seven double blind placebo controlled studies are tabled on P.150 of reference (12). All studies were associated with a significant difference in improved urine flow, less frequent urination and less bladder retention of urine (residual urine).

Active Chemistry: 85% to 90% of standardized extract contains fatty acids and sterols (15)...Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and active phytosterols to include beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol, cycloartenol lupeol, lupenone, and 24-methylcycloartenol, glucoside, p-oxybenzoic acid, p-oxybenzaldehyde, vanillic acid, vanillin, acetovanillone, syringic acid, syringaldehyde, acetosyringone, ferulic acid. Also, free fatty acids: oleic (C18:1), palmitic (C16), myrystic (C14), isomyristic acid (C14)capric (C8) and lauric acids (C12)... (12)(13)(14).

Dosage: One or two 160mg capsules standardized at 85-95% fatty acids and sterols (Solaray product OTC Guaranteed potentcy herbs). Liquid extract from .6-1.5 ml. Fresh and dried berries as food or in decoction about 1 gram dried, 3-4 grams fresh.

Safety: No significant side effects (13)(15). Headaches, stomach ache, flatulence and diarrhea have been reported in rare cases. Diarrhea is associated with large dosages over recommendations. Also from eating unripe berries (2)(6) No known drug interactions (2). Avoid during pregnancy because lack of data(17). No known drug interactions(16).

Food:

Berries may be crushed and used in paleo waffle described in recipe section of this program. Powdered berries may be used much like flax seed on cereal, in bread, waffles, pancakes, in orange juice. I've tried to raise these plants in Michigan with no success. We have one in the greenhouse at Andrew's University Berrien, Springs, Michigan. The berries, especially the seeds, are eaten as food. Next time you are in southern Georgia or northern Florida pick some berries (fall of the year).

Notes: Palmettos are common residents of sub tropical and tropical areas. They thrive in both dry and wet conditions, in the open or as under-story. Some varieties are a few feet high others several meters. I use pumpkin seeds, flax seeds and occasionally saw palmetto berries as food. Other extracts use to treat BPH include nettle roots and pygeum.

REFERENCES:

7. Grape seed Extract/Red Wine  (Photo and more information)

Vitis vinifera L. (seeds)

Family: Vitaceae

Function:

Medicinal : Grape seed extract, containing procyanidins, is a free radical scavenger and capillary protectant, improving blood flow. Indicated for vision problems. 

Studies suggest the extract may help stop the deterioration due to aging to eyes. Also used with heart patients to prevent artery damage due to protective activity of bioflavonoid fraction. Grape seed flavonoids inhibit angiotensin in vitro. Also resveratrol inhibits oxidation of low density lipo proteins (cholesterol). Anti-platelet aggregating effect of resveratrol.

Used in Europe to treat varicose veins, lymphedema acrocyanosis, acroparesthesia, telangiectasia and other compromised capillary blood flow problems due to platelet aggregation, diabetes, altered blood rheology (5) (6).

Wine and Grapes: Phenolic compounds in grapes especially dark skinned grapes may improve heart function, protect from heart disease, improve mental function and in near research protect against Alzheimer's disease. Traditionally, grapes were eaten, taken as juice or wine to treat menopause, hemorrhage, varicose veins (calendula cream also used to treat varicose veins and phlebitis), hypertension, lower cholesterol, skin rashes, dermatitis, menstruation. Good anti-inflammatory for inflamed gums, mouth sores, sore throat, eyesores.(6) (7) Ayurvedic uses of raisins: contain malic, tartaric and racemic acids, tannins and may have small amounts of arsenic.. Raisins are eaten for chronic bronchitis, heart disease, gout. Use raisins with fevers when thirsty or with cough. Used with enlarged spleen or liver. Leaves used for diarrhea. Grape juice used (especially with children) to treat constipation (see Kapoor in resource file)(1)

Chemistry: Grapeseed: Procyanidins

Grapes/Red Wine: Phenolic compounds in grapes include quercetin and resveratrol, ellagic acid (6)(9).

Dosage: Preventive dose: daily 50-100 mg. Pharmaceutical dose to treat chronic and acute conditions 15-300 mg. (6)(7) (8).

Safety: No known contraindications. No none contraindications in pregnancy and lactation (1).

Notes: We grow three varieties of grapes in our garden. We pick and blend them skins and all to make a marmalade (without sugar). This is a freezer jam that is rich in bioflavonoids. Leaves are edible may be steamed and wrapped around rice dishes Greek style. Grapes should be eaten raw (grow your own) or lightly prepared cooked or fermented. Juice is not as effective as wine for prevention.. Tannins and other phenolic compounds released from skins provides a more potent mix of protection induced during the fermentation process.

REFERENCES:

8. Kava (Kava kava, Awa, Kew, Tonga)

Piper methysticum G. Forster $8 MILLION

Family: Piperaceae

Function: (1)(3)(4)(8)(7)(10)

Warning:  Use of Kava may cause liver damage and the phytopharmaceutical has been removed from the marketplace in Canada, Germany and Singapore.  Our FDA has issued a warning.  In light of this information it is best to consider an alternate choice for stress and anxiety therapy.

Medicinal: Drug:  dried rhizome and roots.  Root extract used as a sedative and sleep aid. Root is used to treat anxiety. May have direct effect on limbic system. Used to treat restlessness, insomnia.  May help some patients become socially cooperative. 

Chewed root used traditionally as local anesthetic in mouth.  Also, traditional use to treat asthma (10).

Note:  My parents, Jane and Al Meuninck, have both been diagnosed with Senile Dementia Alzheimer's Syndrome.  After over a year of juggling medications the family physician and family have arrived at a successful combination of chemistry that has restored much function both mental and physical to my parents.  They are taking melatonin, kava kava and Aricept.  If you would like to know more about this therapy call your physician and have them contact me through www.herbvideos.com  

Chemistry: kava lactones (kava pyrones). Kawain; anesthetic.  Root typically contains 5.5 to 8.3% kava lactones. Extracts are concentrated to 30-70% lactones. Kava lactones may provide numerous effects: analgesic, muscle relaxing, anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant. Possible direct influence on limbic system. (1)(3)

Dosage: 60-120mg kava pyrones; Standardized extract of 70% Kavalactones) 100 mg. 2 to 3 times per day.(1)(6)

Safety: Mild gastrointestinal upset. Limit duration of use. May potentiate psychopharmaceuticals and psychoactive substances to include alcohol and barbiturates. Analgesic, local anesthetic and muscular relaxant. (1) (3) (6) (7) (8).  There was an additive action  when kava was taken for three days with the benzodiazepine alprazolam leading to a disoriented and lethargic state(11).  This appears contraindicated as kava resin supposedly does not bind at benzodiazepine receptors sites(12).  In one case study, Kava was antagonistic and incompatible with levodopa treatment of Parkinson's disease(13).  Considered by some a mild hallucinogenic drug. May effect reflexes and coordination. Long term use may cause: discoloration of nails, skin and hair; muscle weakness, red eyes, facial edema; rare cases of allergic dermatitis, disrupted accommodation manifested in pupil enlargement and oculomotor disturbances.(1)(3)(6)(7)(8)(9).

Not recommended during pregnancy and lactation(3)

Avoid use for treating bi-polar and endogenous depression.(1)(3)(6)(7)(8)(9).

Alcohol: Avoid use when consuming alcohol, alcohol may make kava toxic (10).

Preparation: Dried rhizome may be decocted into a tea. Pills and other preparations are available over-the-counter.

Caution: Often bulk supplies of roots imported into the United States are fumigated. Be aware fungicides may be used. Wash roots thoroughly before use.

Personal Note:  My parents both have been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease.  Working together with aids and their physician both parents are taking a combination of Kava, Melatonin and Aricept.  Aricept and melatonin are taken in the evening and Kava in the morning.  Results have been good.  My father has gone from incontinent and incoherent  to continent and coherent.  For the first time in eight years he said to me, in response to my question on how he felt:  "I feel good!"   For the past eight years his answer to that question has been, "Not so Good!"    That subtle change was staggering.   A change in mental attitude from pessimism to optimism.  My mother too has fewer dark and gloomy days clouding her mind.

References:

9. Evening Primrose    (Photo and more information)

Oenothera biennis L. $8 MILLION

Family: Onagraceae

Function: (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(10)

Medicine: The essential fatty acids and amino acids in the seeds are reportedly good for treating depression and psoriasis(3).

Principal Essential Fatty Acids: Gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) and dl-homo-gamma linolenic acid (DGLA))

Evening Primrose oil is anticoagulant, demulcent, precursor of prostaglandin E as an anti-inflammatory(3). Although Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) has been recommended in the treatment of Multiple Sclerosis, Murray (2) suggests that flaxseed (omega-3 oils) may better serve the MS patient as alpha-linolenic acid has a better effect and is required for normal myelin composition. One study suggests that Evening Primrose Oil had no effects on the clinical course of MS.(1) I believe this is an expensive treatment alternative with results that can be achieved with less expensive flaxseed, Perilla seed, or cold water fish such as mackerel, salmon, herring, fresh anchovies.

One study showed that with women who had recurrent breast cysts Evening Primrose Oil treatment resulted in a slightly lower rate of recurrence as compared to placebo (10)

May reverse neurological damage in diabetic patients (11).  

Provided significantly increased serum essential fatty acids in insulin dependent children.  Also, decreased PGE2 levels (12).  

May improve liver function in alcoholics (10).

Chemistry: Plant contians coumarins, neochlorogenic acid, ellagic-acid, digallic-acid, kaempferol, quercitin, oenotherin. seed: excellent amino acid profile, phytosterols, significant quantities of essential fatty acids: cis-linoleic acid; gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and alpha-linoleic-acid as well as linoleic, beta-linoleic-acid .(3) (4) (5)(8).

Dosage: Eczema: Using standardized GLA content of 8%: 6-8 grams for adults; 2-4 grams children; PMS standardized extract of 3 grams daily (4)(7).  For first experiences follow recommendations on the package.

Safety: In large doses may cause headache, diarrhea, indigestion, nausea. Avoid in cases of schizophrenia and epileptogenic drugs: phenothiazines (3) (7).

No long term studies during pregnancy and lactation. GLA, a naturally occurring nutrient, is found in breast milk.

More on Safety:  This is a widely used nutritional supplement that has been marketed for over thirty years.

Notes: My wife takes evening primrose oil for treating PMS. She feels it helps, minimally.

Psoriasis: I have psoriasis and have found this oil and borage oil expensive and ineffective ways to treat this auto-immune disease. I have more success at less cost using fish oil capsules: Max EPA and DHA 1000mg tablets up to 12 per day, tapering down after 2 weeks to six per day and eventually three per day. This is not a cure but coupled with sun therapy and seawater bathing greatly clears my skin. Be certain to keep the skin moist with moisturizers. In the winter, I use prescription vitamin D3 (Dovonex, calcipotriene ointment) and Masada cream. I put the Dovonex on once a day after a shower before I go to bed and put the Masada cream on in the morning. The combination effectively my psoriasis

Food: The root is edible (biennial plant: first year root best). New leaves of first or second year edible in salads, stir fry. The leaves are tough and need to be cooked. Seeds can be poured out of seed capsule (seed capsule looks like small dried okra pod). Immature seed capsules may be cooked like okra, but do not taste like okra, nothing like okra (9).

REFERENCES:

10. Golden Seal/Echinacea formula $8 million  (Photo and more information)

Hydrastis canadensis L.

Family: Ranunculaceae

Discussion: This is a popular formula utilizing a combination of standardized golden seal extract and standardized echinacea extract.

There is reported synergy between the two herbs. Marketing and public relations has touted this combination. The popularity of golden seal has threatened its existence in the wild. It is over harvested. See Echinacea above for more detail.

Function:

Medicine: Root dried is finely powdered and used as medicine. Bitter digestive tract stimulant. Traditionally for diarrhea. Topically for skin and eye infections (1)(2)(3)(4). Considered anti-hemorrhagic, choleretic, involuntary muscle stimulant, laxative. Used most commonly for treating acute infections (colds, flu. sore throat, upper respiratory congestion and infections)(4). I have used it as a gargle when I get the tickle of a sore throat (4). Phyllis Balch (Prescription for Nutritional Healing) used golden seal for a tooth infection(13). Has also been used for treating recurrent ear infections. I have made a golden seal cinnamon alcohol extraction for athletes foot(12)(4). Also used for urinary tract infections. Because of its extremely bitterness like gentian it may be of use in stimulating appetite in anorexia . My dentist did his dissertation on the anti-microbial effects of berberine.

Chemistry: Isoquinoline alkaloids: berberine, hydrastine and canadine(1)(2)(4)(8)(10(14).

Dosage: Tincture is 1:10 ration dried root by weight to 60% alcohol by volume(10). Take 2-4 ml. Standardized Echinacea/Goldenseal dosage as per directions on bottle: typically 10 drops/three time per day. Standardized tincture: 2-4 ml per day. For treating athletes foot I mix equal amounts of cinnamon and goldenseal powder and moisten with alcohol, apply with a Q-tip to areas of foot and between toes(4)(12).

Safety: Extremely bitter may be rejected for that reason by some. Non-toxic at recommended dosages. Large doses of berberine and hydrastine may be fatal. Amounts in excess of the therapeutic dosages may cause stomach upset, nervousness, depression. Lethal dose leads to involuntary reflex action, convulsions, paralysis and death. Large doses may cause hypertension, respiratory failure, convulsions(2). May negate the activity of heparin as reported for the isolated alkaloid berberine. No other drug contraindications. Do not take if pregnant or lactating due to uterine stimulating activity of alkaloids and insufficient data on breast milk and alkaloid secretions. (1)(2)(10).

Notes: Not a particularly useful herb for me. There are safer more benign, yet efficacious herbs for the same ailments. I rely more on Echinacea, Siberian ginseng and Astragalus.

Also:  My dentist did his dissertation on the alkaloids in golden seal and found them weakly anti-microbial.

REFERENCES:

Cranberry

Vaccinium macrocarpon Aiton

Vaccinium oxycossus L. (European)

Family: Ericaceae

Function:

Medicine: Extract, juice used to treat bladder infections and kidney stones (2). May prevent recurrence of urinary stones. Sixteen ounces of cranberry juice was shown to be 73% effective against urinary tract infections in one study. Cranberry functions as a urine acidifier perhaps by the transformation of benzoic acid and quinic acid to urinary Hippuric acid (hypothetically  with the help of intestinal bacteria)(9)(10). Cranberry extract inhibits the adhesion of bacteria (anti-adhesion). Inhibits colonization of E. coli in urinary tract. A bacterium must find hold on a surface in your body to multiply and induce disease. Cranberry and cranberry juice is used to decrease odor and degradation of urine in incontinent patients.

NOTE: THE REQUIRED AMOUNT OF CRANBERRIES, CRANBERRY JUICE OR CRANBERRY EXTRACT TO TREAT BLADDER INFECTIONS AND STONES HAS NOT BEEN ESTABLISHED.  RESEARCH SHOWS FROM INDIVIDUAL TO INDIVIDUAL THE VOLUME OF JUICE NECESSARY TO ACIDIFY URINE VARIES GREATLY.  In ONE VERY SMALL TEST 305 GRAMS OF COOKED CRANBERRIES WAS EFFECTIVE IN DECREASING pH from 6.4 to 5.3.  In other tests, as much as four liters of juice showed little effect on pH (9)(10)(11).  There is some evidence that using the juice with antibiotics may help suppress urinary tract infections (12)(13).

Chemistry: Alpha D-mannopyranoside, vitamin C(8)...Catechin, anthocyanins, flavonol glycosides, triterpenoids, citric, malic and quinic acids (1)(2)(3)(4). Polyphenolic and flavonoid compounds: Procyanidins, leucocyanin, leucondelphinin, flavonol glucosides.

Dosage: Therapeutic amount varies depending on the source of information....Up to 90 grams of fresh fruit per day or equivalent of fresh pressed juice. For urinary tract infection prevention one ounce of cranberry juice diluted with water (avoid adding sugar). For UTI treatment 12-32 fluid ounces daily. Other sources suggest 16 ounces of cranberry juice per day 73% effective against urinary tract infections(2). To reduce ionized calcium in urine by 50% take equivalent of 16 ounces of cranberry juice (sans sugar) or pill form (16 ounce equivalent)(2). Blumenthal et. al. suggest for urinary tract infection 12-32 ounces juice daily(1).

Notes: There are a couple cranberry bogs in my neighborhood. In October, the berries are ripe for the picking. You can dry them in a food dryer or cook them.. I pop a few on the hoof as I peruse the boardwalk through the bog. They are tart and have many benefits. Popular over the counter cranberry cocktail juices contain too much sugar. It may be prudent to take cranberry extract in pill form or buy pure cranberry juice concentrate and sweeten very little.

Blueberries and bilberries too have anthocyanins that are proven effective against E. coli infections (6).

References:

12. Valerian

Valeriana officinalis L.

Family: Valerianaceae

Function: (references: 1 through 8 below)

Medicine: Primary use of valerian roots is to make a decoction or standardized extraction to be taken as a sleep aid (aqueous extraction of the root). This is a sedative and warming herb, improves digestion, lowers pain and is hypotensive (reduces blood pressure).  May influence serotonin, norepinephrine and GABA levels in brain leading to hypotensive, anticonvulsive and sedative properties

Valerian extraction is said to relieve painful menstruation (PMS)(1)(2). Relieves cramps, treats insomnia, migraine and jangled nerves. 

Aqueous extract of valerian root in double blind study had significant effect on poor or irregular sleepers, smokers (3)(4). Sometimes combine with hops (Humulus lupulus) and skullcap (Scutellaria lateriflora). Gamma Amino Butyric Acid (GABA) in valerian may reduce blood pressure and help mild depression. This chemical is also high in Evening primrose seeds and several varieties of tomatoes. Sedative quality and used to assist sleep and relaxation.

The valpotriate fraction reduced the deleterious effect of alcohol on mental concentration when administered with alcohol (9).

Chemistry: Essential oil with monoterpenes and sequiterpenes to include valerenic acid(1)(2). Heat labile iridoids (valepotriates) are anti-convulsant. Volatile oil contains bornyl acetate, beta-caryphyllene, various alkaloids(3). Acidic, formic and Valeric acid, valerine, various glycosides(1)(5).

Dosage: I typically blend about a 4 grams of fresh washed root to two cups of water.Mos