A Section

Aconite, Monkshood, Aconitum napellus
Acorus calamus (L.) Sweet flag, Calamus root.
Agave (Agave spp.)
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)
African Potato, Hypoxis rooperi
Agrimony, Agrimonia eupatoria
Almonds (Prunis dulcis L.)
Aloe (Aloe vera L.)
Ammoniac Gum, Dorema ammoniacum
Anenome, Pasque flower (Pulsatilla occidentalis and other spp.)
Angelica (Angelica sinensis) (A. archangel L.)
ANISE (Pimpinella anisum L.)
Anise, Star Anise,  (Illicium verum)
Apple (Malus species)
Arrowroot, Maranta arundianacea
Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.)
Ashwanganda
Arnica (Arnica spp.)
Asiatic Dayflower (Commelina communis L.)
Asa foetida, (Ferula foetida)
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.)
Astragalus (Astragalus membranaceus)
Avalanche lily, yellow avalanche lily, dogtooth violet (Erythronium grandiflorum )
Avocado (Persea americana M.) 

Aconite, Monkshood

Aconitum napellus (L.)

Rununculaceae

Toxic plant.

Medicine:  The dried tuberous root contains the toxic alkaloids aconitine and mesaconitine.   A stimulating, then nerve deadening, paralyzing drug.  The drugs effect on the central nervous system makes it--in the appropriate form and dose--a possible part of the treatment protocol for myalgia, neuralgia, arthritis and rheumatism.  It is analgesic and considered a cardiac tonic.  

Chemistry:  Aconitine and other poisonous alkaloids including hypaconitin, mesaconitine.

Warning:  Therapeutic doses may be lethal.  Death may result in a quick as six hours.  Avoid the use of this drug.

Indigenous American Relatives:  A. columbianum, Nutt.; Aconitum delphiniifolium DC (larkspur); Aconitum fischeri Fischer; A. heterophyllum, A. maximum Pallas ex DC.   All considered poisonous.  A few witchcraft uses, not recommended.

Sweetflag, Calamus

Acorus calamus (L.)

Araceae

Uses:  (Photo, more)  Found in wet areas, long sword like leaves, aromatic, primitive green, club like flower.  Large colonies.

Food:  Not edible.  Thirst quenching chew.

Medicine/Ritual:    Leaf garlands used by Native Americans in last century as fragrant necklaces.  Peeled and dried root chewed as a sialogogue, stimulates secretion of saliva, quenches thirst.   Root tea is an appetite stimulant.  Aromatic, bitter root was considered a stomach tonic to treat dyspepsia, gastritis.  Triploid strains in Europe and the United States are sometimes used to treat ulcers.  The triploid strain produces about 1/3 the amount of beta asarone as Indian Kalmus root oils.  Beta asarone in ample amounts is carcinogenic to laboratory animals.  Therapeutic  doses of the triploid strain should be monitored...Avoid long term use.  Use only under the administration of skilled holistic health care practitioner.  Follow recommended dosages on the package.

Considered for centuries to be a fine nervine, sedative, relaxant.

Root traditionally used by pioneers (chewed or in decoction) to treat colds, coughs, fevers, children's colic and congestion.  Considered an antispasmodic, anticonvulsant and possible central nervous system depressant.

Animal studies suggest that root extract may lower serum cholesterol.  Extract kills lice.

Chemistry:  volatile oils to include cis-isoasarone (American strains have very little of this oil), beta asarone, alpha and gamma sarone and bitter principle acorone.  Also, polysaccharides, phytosterols, tannins and sesquiterpenes: calamendiol, isocalamendiol.

Note:  A few herbalists chew or suck on the dried root to keep them awake on long drives. I like to put the root in a pair of panty hose and submerge in a bath or hot tub, aromatic, relaxing.  If you don't want to kill the plant, crush leaves and put in panty hose, submerge.  In foreign countries, the ground root is used as a spice and fragrance, but because of beta asarone content this use is not allowed in the United States.

Wildlife/Veterinarian:  Root fragrance may repel some insects and rodents.  No effect on cats  and dogs in my neighborhood, may actually attract them...Although I do have an attractive dog, Rusty, and striking cat, Boots.  Both have a pleasant personality that may draw stray cats and dogs despite the Calamus root.

African Potato

Hypoxis rooperi

Medicine:  Root (tuber) extract used to treat Benign Prostate Hyperplasia.  Reported to improve urine flow, improved bladder emptying.  Another combatant in the herbal armamentarium for fighting BPH.

Chemistry:  Phytosterols, lignans, starch.

Alfalfa

(Medicago sativa L.)

Leguminosae/Papilionaceae

Uses:  Go to: hair re-growth patent      Photo

Food: There are several health food preparations that contain dried and powdered alfalfa. I like to grow it as sprouts for salads, sprouts are considered by many the most beneficial part of the plant. Plants can be grown in window boxes (or your garden) also for salads. I snip off leaves as they grow and add them to greens.

The flower is edible and may be used in stir fry and salads. Use whole plant to make tea.

Medicinal: Leaves, dried, fresh, sprouts, may improve digestion. Alkalizes urine, this is said to detoxify the body. According to James Balch MD, alfalfa consumption lowers cholesterol, fights inflammation, balances hormones, stimulates the pituitary function, is antifungal, and may improve anemic conditions and bleeding disorders. Traditionally, naturopathically it is used to strengthen joints and bones, treat ulcers, treat colon disorders and skin conditions. Alfalfa over-the-counter preparations contain high mineral content. Phytoestrogens in alfalfa may be indicated for menopause natural HRT therapy (see your holistic health care practitioner). Diuretic. Decent source of iron. Alfalfa sprouts and leaves may promote lactation, unproven, based on estrogen-like compounds in the plant. Because of the phytoestrogen content of alfalfa it has been considered in the treatment of endometriosis. Also phytoestrogens may be useful in menopause. In vitro test show alfalfa to be antifungal and antimicrobial. Alfalfa may have an anti-cancer effect. Fruit is used in Latin America to treat cough.

Alfalfa sprouts are a good source of live plant food containing phytoestrogens making it a potential lactagogue and an emmenagogue.

Saponins in alfalfa are being studied for their potential to grow new skin and promote hair growth.

Alfalfa saponins may delay aging of the skin and scalp delaying hair loss.

Chemistry: Good source of calcium, B vitamins, carotenoids and minerals. Leaves: Over 3400 IU Beta Corotene on average; 163 mg Vitamin C; 51 mg Phosphorus; 8 gms protein all per 100 gram serving. High mineral content. High vitamin K. Active antioxidant compounds including vitamin E. Phytoestrogens compounds (flavones and isoflavones) include: genistein, daidzein, formononetin. Also, chromium, coumestrol, erepsin, pectinase, nvertase, tricin, formononetin, genistein, hederagenin, limonene, soya sapogenols, beta sitosterol, Vit E and K. (1.2.3. sources) also, high in chlorophyll. Saponins in alfalfa and other herbs in animal studies may block absorption of cholesterol and indirectly delay or prevent formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Coumarin like compounds in alfalfa fly in the face of the traditional use of the herb to encourage blood clotting.

Dosage and Preparation: Add to sandwiches, salads, stir fry and egg dishes (see warning). High calcium (leaves 1440mg/ 100 grams of calcium) content of alfalfa leaves combined with estrogen like compounds may find this herb useful addition to salads for preventing osteoporosis (unproven). Alfalfa seeds contain 4.4% minerals. Alfalfa sprouts and alfalfa leaves may be made into a tea. Over-the-counter available as food supplement in tablet form. Leaves of plant may be dried and made into tea. Two teaspoons of the leaves to a cup of hot water may have a cholesterol lowering effect. Tea is full of electrolytes and may be indicated after physical activity or during fever. Tea may be alkalizing to digestive system. Add dried nettle leaves, dried dandelion leaves, dried clover leaves and florets to alfalfa tea for a rich mineral laden drink. Traditionally, alfalfa tea used in recuperation from illness. It is reported to be anti-inflammatory.

Side effects: None when sprouts are cooked before eaten as food in moderation. In animal studies ingesting large amounts of leaves or sprouts may induce systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). An auto immune inflammatory disease. Perhaps induced by canavanine. Some are allergic to alfalfa.  Eating fresh alfalfa sprouts is typically safe if careful and clean growing conditions are provided and monitored. 

Amount: I eat about 20 grams of alfalfa, mung bean, fenugreek sprouts per day. In a four parts to one part tincture preparation (alcohol to dried herb) use about 1-2 ml. One, two or three teaspoons to a cup of water to make tea (infusion). One gram of dried whole leaf is a typical amount suggested by herb purveyors.

Wildlife/Veterinarian/Organic Gardening: Alfalfa may have the highest food value of all common hay crops. Flowers nectar makes excellent honey. Deep rooted nitrogen fixing plant that deeply aerates soil and improves nitrogen content and moisture holding ability. Excellent addition to composting pile. Favorite food of ungulates. Also used in rabbit and other animal foods. Try giving alfalfa tablets to your dog for improved health.  

Pigeons:  This is a vital component in our Weekly Maintenance tea and Cleansing Nourishing tea for racing pigeons sold by Vita King.

Warning: There is evidence that eating alfalfa may trigger lupus, or lupus like events in prone people. Alfalfa seeds contain the amino acid canavanine. Do not eat the seeds because over time this could impair immune function and blood clotting (see The Healing Herbs, Michael Castleman,p.39. Rodale Press.)

Avoid using alfalfa with children because of its potent compounds and potential for triggering lupus.

Agrimony

Agrimonia eupatoria

Rosaceae

Medicine:  Aerial parts of the plant in bloom are harvested for their catechin tannin content.  This is an astringent herb, bitter approved by Commission E for treating diarrhea; inflammation of the mouth and larynx; also skin inflammations.  Useful for sore throats, acne.  Taken as a tea.

Caution:  As with all tannin rich plants, too much of a good thing can lead to gastrointestinal stress and constipation.

Chemistry:  Catechin tannins.

Almonds

Prunis dulcis (L.), P. amygdalus dulces (bitter almond and sweet almond)

Rosacea

Food: Eat up to 100 grams of whole almonds with skins (not shell) per day. Put in salads, stir fry, fruit dishes, eat out of hand, trail snacks, Cook with vegetables.

Medicine: Seed as food considered an antispasmodic, mild laxative.  Caribbean folks consider it to have aphrodisiac qualities and may improve male sexual powers (not proven by this author).  Oil of seed is an excellent dry skin emollient.  Traditionally, seed eaten to treat constipation, gall stones and kidney stones. Effects of a diet high in monounsaturated fat from almonds on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins, Spiller, et.al. Journal of the American College of Nutrition, vol. 11, no 2, 126-130l 1992 reports that a diet of 100 grams of almonds per day in lieu of animal and dairy fat lowered serum cholesterol in the test population (approximately 10% serum cholesterol lowering). HDL cholesterol was unchanged, thereby improving the ration of HDL to LDL and lowering total cholesterol (significantly lowered LDL).

Amount: 100 grams was therapeutic, but remember these were vegetarians and did not consume other fats. Keep all fat consumption to 20-25% of Kcalories.

Side effects: May lead to obesity if eaten at a rate of over 100 grams per day when coupled with animal fats. Fat is fat and too many almonds in addition to a average or high load of saturated animal fat will make one obese.

Anecdote: Research suggests that other saturated fats from, for example, palm oil may have cholesterol reducing effect. Saturated plant fats act differently than saturated animal fats in our body. Nonhypercholesterolemic effects of a palm oil diet in Chinese adults, Zhang, et. al. Journal of Nutrition, vol 127, no 3, March 1997. pp 509s-513S.

Aloe

Aloe vera L.

Liliaceae/Aloeaceae

Uses: (photo, more)

Food: Used in small amounts as a flavoring agent in many foods (see Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, CRC Press. Aloe Vera juice commercially prepared is taken for a variety of problems (see next). Is it food or medicine? You be the judge. I do not consume it, but do use in on sunburn, burns, cuts and scrapes.

Cosmetic industry: commercial use in skin lotions, creams, salves, shampoos.

Chemistry: Anthroquinone, glucomannan, magnesium lactate, polysaccharides. Latex in skin contains anthroquinone glycosides: aloe emodin, aloin (too powerful for casual use: laxative effect when anthroquinones are cleaved by gut bacteria) and saponins. Also contains enzymes, bradykininase, carboxypeptidase (may reduce pain, swelling and inflammation as per other plant enzymes). Glucomannan. Acemannan may be an active immune system enhancer (Helderman, Vanderbilt U. "Immuno-Pharmacology and Immunotoxicology" March June 1992. Relatively high doses of acemannan increased capacity of T-cells., also activates monocyte macrophages. Experiments are ongoing with AIDs patient in Europe and Canada. Aloe emodin like latex material in skin of aloe is a laxative, dangerously potent. Aloe emodin shows promise as anti leukemia agent. Gel may reduce blood sugar levels (diabetes), but not yet recommended because of toxicity.

Cape aloe used in anti-cancer research: ethanol extract appears to antagonize hemolytic toxins.

Aloe ulcin from Cape aloe inhibits histamine synthesis (allergy), used experimentally on rats externally to treat ulcers.

Amount: Warning: A few people are allergic to aloe both externally and internally. Use a very small amount underarm or behind ear. Allergic reaction will cause redness and itching. Be careful....See Balch, Prescription for Nutritional Healing for more information. I use the gel of the live plant liberally over external irritated or burned skin. For cathartic activity only under the supervision of a physician about 5- 200 mg of aloe latex capsules. Internal use of the gel up to 30 ml. I do not use the product internally.

TIPS: I use the Aloe vera juice and gel externally only and just the fresh product.  Gum can be mixed with gel to thicken it (glucomannan increases viscosity).

Preparation: Fresh gel appears more active than preserved and stabilized juices. Plant leaf (older, lower leaves may be more active) can be sliced lengthwise placed in a colander and juice drips down into container. For first-aid slice leaf in half (or squeeze out gel of broken leaf) and use gauze or like to fix open gelled side of leaf over burn or bite. May be applied directly to poison ivy. Juice made into a slave may be used on a variety of radiation burns. Prepared juices use internally as a tonic. Aqueous extracts may be anti-fungal.

Aloe gel dried to crystalline solid for preparation into creams, tinctures, salves, lotions.

Ammoniac Gum

Dorema ammoniacum  

Umbelliferae

Middle Eastern plant from northeast Africa, east and north to southern Siberia.

Medicine:  Drug is resinous substance from flowers of the plant.  Used both externally and internally.  Internally as a stimulating, expectorant, uterine stimulant, antispasmodic.  Also, to treat asthma.

Externally applied swollen joints, compress to abscesses, for joint pain, swollen lymph nodes.

Homeopathic drug used to treat bronchitis (unproven).

Do not use during pregnancy, potentially toxic, uterine stimulant.

Homeopathic doses available through retail sources.  Powder is commercially prepared, somewhat difficult to find.  Try Merz's Pharmacy in Chicago at Lincoln and Western.

Chemistry: Ammonresinol, linalool, linalyl acetate, citronellyl acetate.  

Anenome, Pasque flower

Pulsatilla occidentalis,

 Pulsatilla vulgaris L. syn:  Anemone pulsatilla; Pulsatilla spp.

Ranunculaceae

Description:   P. occidentalis is found blooming in the western mountains in May through July depending on altitude and latitude.  Flowers cream colored, showy, cup shaped.  Single flower is rose like, with six petals typically.  Feathery leaves, basal, silvery.  Prefers well drained gravelly ground.  Remember this when transferring to your garden. (Photo, more)

Uses:

Not edible.

Medicine:  P. occidentalis: Tincture of aerial parts (except seed head) is used as Anti-inflammatory, astringent, antibacterial, calmative (nervine), sleep promoting.  Pulsatilla pratensis in homeopathic preparations for as antispasmodic, premenstrual syndrome, analgesic and calmative. Overdose toxic and may be fatal, presenting nausea, vomiting, convulsions and rarely death.  All preparations to be prescribed by a skilled complementary medicine practitioner. Physicians should avoid using this herb with feverish conditions.  Do not use during pregnancy due to uterine stimulating potential. P. chinensis used in decoction about 3 to 10 grams of dried root to kill amoebas, Staphylococcus aureus infections and Trichomonas vaginalis.  Also, used to treat diarrhea and to flush toxins from the body.

Chemistry:  anemonin, ranunculin, protoanemonin, hederagenin and cardiotonics: okinalein, okinalin.

Angelica

Angelica sinensis, A. archangel L.

Angelica atropurpurea

Umbelliferae/Apiaceae

Description Angelica atropurpurea: Tall biennial to 9 feet.  Purple stem. Leaves with three leaflets that are divided into three to five more leaflets. Upper leaves have sheaths.  Flowers in umbrella like clusters.  Found in wet lowlands, along streams and rivers. (Photo and description)

NOTE: A. sinensis and A. archangel are used differently in Western and Oriental traditions. There may be chemical differences. More similarities than differences, however. Unless indicated most uses below are for A. sinensis which may be purchased from Richters as seed, or as dried root from health food stores. A. archangel may be more phototoxic than A. sinensis.

Food: In Chinese cuisine, Angelica sinensis root slices may be added to stir fry or soups. I have used both Angelica species in this way. My favorite eye opener and "lip flapper" for guests is a Yin and Yang Cordial . Preparation: I use 100 grams of Angelica root, typically purchased at an Oriental Supermarket or drug store, and add it with 100 grams of Ginseng to 1/5th quart of Peppermint Schnapps. Saponins (phytosterols) and phytoestrogens are drawn from the roots into the schnapps. It takes at least three weeks to get a good tincture because I use the whole ginseng root and thick slices of angelica. I use the cordial as a before dinner drink or a pick me up sip in the afternoon. Yin and yang are balanced in this preparation. I also stir fry this herb or add it to water cooking rice. That is, put slices of root in water with rice and cook together until rice is tender.

Medicine: Root is considered a warming tonic. Considered number one female herb in Traditional Chinese Herbal Medicine. Traditional use of herb for menstrual cramps and may improve scanty menstrual flow. Antispasmodic may be helpful in reducing angina. Like other umbelliferes angelica has calcium channel blockers, drugs that are used to treat angina and other symptoms of heart disease. Calcium channel blockers are indicated in treating cardiac arrhythmia. It appears angelica improves peripheral circulation to distal parts of body. Other useful arrhythmia foods include celery, garlic, carrots and fennel. Also used for intestinal colic and to improve digestion. Stimulating expectorant for coughs and upper respiratory uses. This root may have utility as a post menopausal herb. See a Naturapathic physician for professional advice. Useful heartburn relief. For treating indigestion German holistic health care professionals prescribe three teaspoons of dried herb infused into water. Also used by European professionals for treating colic.

Although angelica has been prescribed for psoriasis I have had no luck with it on my stubborn 30 year old condition. The idea is to eat the angelica to get psoralens, which increase your sensitivity to UV light. After spending ten minutes in the sun the UV light/psoralen interaction may stop cell division in the skin. Self-administering psoralens and subsequent exposure to light can be carcinogenic. Root extract appears to be anti-inflammatory. Naturopathic use angelica to treat allergies, perhaps due to the flavonoid complex. Angelica species are known in general for the following effects: anti-allergic, immunomodulating, antibacterial, analgesic, smooth muscle relaxing, cardiovascular and phyto estrogen content.

Women: uterus regulating root, both stimulating and inhibiting uterine muscle action. According to Hsu, water soluble compounds stimulate uterine muscles, while volatile oil inhibits uterine muscle. To get contractions the herb (root) has to be boiled for a long time, whereas to relax the uterine muscles the root should only be simmered for a few minutes. Although I have not found exact lengths of time on these preparations. I speculate that a five to ten minute simmer may work for capturing the volatile compounds for the relaxing effect. Water extracts regulate uterine contractions in laboratory animals. Lab rats fed angelica root had raised glucose metabolism, higher DNA in uterine cells and higher multiplication rate of uterine tissue. (3) Other emmenagogues include chasteberry (Vitex agnuscastus); black cohosh and blue cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa and Caulophyllum thalictroides); also dill (Anethum graveolens), celery (Apium graveolens), carrot (Daucus carota), turmeric (Curcuma longa), marshmallow (Althaea officinalis).

Chemistry: Angelica sinensis: calcium channel blockers, ligustilide m n-butylidenphthalide, n-butylphthalide, sedanonic acid, safrol, p-cymene, carvacrol (3). Volatile oil consisting among others of beta-phellandrene. Also, lactones, coumarins and flavonoids as in A. archangelica.

Angelica archangelica: coumarins including angelicin, osthenol, umbelliferone, osthole, archangelicin, bergapten and ostruthol. Flavonoids: phytoestrogens, archangelenone, volatile oil of root includes limonene, borneol, alpha-pinene and lactones.

Side Effects: Use under the direction of a qualified physician.

Amount: I use 50 grams of dried root with 50 grams of ginseng in one fifth of peppermint schnapps. After this tincture sits for 40 days I occasionally sip an ounce of this yin and yang liquor.

WARNING:  Due to uterine stimulating effects of phytosterols do not use this herb DURING PREGNANCY.

ANISE

Pimpinella anisum L.

Umbelliferae/Apiaceae

Food: Natural Health indications as food: Warming, circulatory stimulant for preventing and fighting colds. Stimulating expectorant, abortifacient, antiseptic, antispasmodic, breath freshener. Chewing anise seeds or anise flavored licorice is pleasant and may relieve halitosis (bad breath). Try adding anise to schnapps or vodka to make your own mouth wash. Buy 100 proof vodka, add distilled water to make it about 50 proof (i.e. one cup of vodka to one cup of distilled water). Then stuff vodka jar with crushed anise seeds, fennel seeds, mint leaves and flowers (if available). I prefer mountain mint...And, or anise hyssop. Infuse in vodka for several days or leave in vodka. Use as a mouth rinse. Do not swallow, contraindicated for pregnant women, see warning below. COOKING COMPANIONS: Cinnamon and Bay, baking, soups, pizza, sauces. to make a liqueur take a brandy, plain or flavored and add 6t of crushed anise seeds to a half liter and let steep for about two weeks or longer (by taste), strain through coffee filter. Anise contains anethole an phytoestrogen that may improve sexual appetite...Not proven (see Out of the Earth, Simon Mills, P.425, Penguin.) Just the same, I make anise seed a disproportionate additive to foods like cakes, and Italian sauces at weddings, anniversaries, birthdays and rainy days. It appears to stimulate male sexual appetites too. Eating anise may improve lactation, as it has a folk reputation as a lactagogue. Estrogenic effect may stimulate menstruation. Folklore suggests it may facilitate uterine contractions in childbirth.

May be helpful for menopausal disorders.

Side effects: Do not take internally anise oil. Avoid putting anise oil directly onto the skin without diluting it. Ten to fifteen roasted seeds helps settle my stomach. Up to 3 teaspoons of crushed seeds used in infusion. I have eaten up to 50 grams of anise leaves in one day without ill effect. Be aware you may be allergic to anise and/or its many species.

Wildlife/Veterinarian: Mild insecticide. Rodent bait for trapping and relocating too friendly rodents.

Ground anise seed mixed with horse and cattle fodder makes it more palatable.

Dairy cows sprayed with anise oil show less aggressive behavior (Science News)

Anise oil may be poisonous to pigeons and should not be mixed in bird seed.

WARNING: Although rated GRAS, pregnant and nursing women should avoid use, unless prescribed by a physician.

Apple

Malus domestica L.

Malus pumila P. Miller

Rosaceae

Food: Apples may be eaten raw, juiced. Juice may be reduced over heat to make a syrup. Try them baked, stir fried, pies, cobblers. With salads raw and breakfast cereals. Try a slice on a sandwich with tofu cheese and Wham.  Apples are a vital component of the Diet for Natural Health (see next). Try the dried or fresh skin peel of organic apples in tea.

Medicine: Research culminated in 2000 strongly suggests apple flavonoids may be protective against colon and liver cancer.  Apples have a mild binding effect. Used for dyspepsia, diarrhea and digestive complaints in children (usually chopped and grated apple used in this way). Boron in apples may kick up brain activity. Boron is necessary for building bones and it also increases estrogen in the blood. This makes apples a necessary part of the post menopause woman to prevent osteoporosis. Soluble fiber in apples may prevent constipation (they also produce gas in many people). Soluble fiber prevents chaotic swings in blood sugar, regulating the assimilation of glucose...Consider this an important fruit to prevent diabetes. Soluble fiber in apples lowers blood cholesterol levels (atherosclerosis, heart disease, stoke protection). Research suggests that blood cholesterol levels can drop by as much as 30% on a high fiber diet (James Anderson M.D.; University of Kentucky School of Medicine). Soluble fiber lowers blood cholesterol three ways: 1. Binds bile preventing breakdown and absorption. 2. Reflexively liver uses endogenous cholesterol to make more bile. 3. Short chain fatty acid made from fiber digestion in bowel inhibits cholesterol synthesis. Soluble fiber in apples is also used in Russia for chelation therapy, removing lead and other heavy metals from the body (see Duke and Meuninck, video: Trees, Shrubs, Nuts & Berries). Apples may help prevent dental caries (cavities) by their cleansing effect between teeth and around the gums when they are eaten (Birkeland and Jorkjend; University of Oslo study). Bioflavonoids in apples are indicated in lowering the risk of lung cancer. The flavonoids: apigenin, kaempferol, myricetin, quercitin and luteolin may have helped lower lung cancer by 50% in one Finnish study (1).

Chemistry: Fruit contains boron, soluble fiber (pectin). Low in saturated fat, no cholesterol, low in sodium..

Apples contain caffeinc acid derivatives, malic acid, boron and bioflavonoids.

Cyanogenic glycosides: amygdalin may be toxic and are found primarily in the seeds.

Side effects: Seeds are toxic and may be poisonous if eaten in moderate amounts.

Health Tip: To prevent cholesterol absorption while enjoying a steak, eat an apple before the meal and another after the meal.

Anecdotal: One friend of mine ate two score apples throughout the Fall season. He lived to be 93 years old, but had severe dementia his last ten years.

Notes: Get your anti-cancer flavonoids from apples, raspberries, blueberries, lingonberries, strawberries and black currants.

References: see text above

• (1) Knekt, Jarvinen et al.: Dietary flavonoids and the risk of lung cancer and other malignant neoplasms. Am. Jour. Of Epidemiology (1997) 146(3):223-230.

Arnica

Arnica montana L., A. ampexicaulis and other spp.

Asteraceae

• (Photo, more)

Uses:  Volatile oils in flowers used in making perfume.

Food:  Not edible, toxic!  Internal consumption causes stomach pain, vomiting, diarrhea.  High doses may induce cardiac arrest.

Medicine:  Native Americans used an infusion of the roots externally for back pain.  Poultice used on edemas to reduce swelling.  There are numerous homeopathic preparations which do not contain toxic levels of chemistry.   Considered anthelminthic, antiseptic, astringent, choleretic, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, stimulant, tonic...In clinical trials, tested as an analgesic,  arnica caused pain and inflammation in wisdom teeth removal. Anti-inflammatory effect contradicted in two trials with opposite results (marathon runners).   Typically, used as a topical agent for wound healing.  The whole plant in ointment (after extraction) or as a compress has ant microbial and fungicidal action.  Folk medicine practice to induce abortions.

Warning:  Toxic herb when taken externally.  Flowers may be irritant to skin, cause eczema. 

Chemistry: Root tannins. Flavonoid glycosides (may cause fall or rise in blood pressure) also, flower flavones stimulates adrenals, : astragalin, betuletol, eupafolin, flavonol glucuronides hispidulin, isorhamnetin, luteolin, patuletin, spinacetin, tricin, kaempferol, quercetin, jaceosidin, pectolin-arigenin, zeaxanthin.  Also alcohols arnidiol, foradiol.  Terpenoids include arnicolides, arnifolin, sesquiterpenes, dihydrohelenalin (analgesic, antibiotic, anti-inflammatory).  Flowers may contain pseudoguaianolide, helenalinmethacrylate.  Amines include choline (cardiotonic), trimethylamine. Courmarins scopoletin, umbeliferone.  Volatile oil thymol.  

Native American Notes:  Colville nation mixed robin's heart and tongue (the bird) with arnica root and ochre as a love potion.  This was dried and powdered.  The lovelorn person would enter a body of water, face east, described the woman he loved, then painted his face with the arnica mixture.  Arnica species are abundant in the mountain west.  Especially in the northwest in and around the slopes of Mt. Rainier, Mt. Adams and Mt. Baker (Cascades of Washington State).

Arrowroot, Maranta

Maranta arundinacea

Marantaceae

Food: Starch from the arrowroot rhizome used as a thickening agent for soups, sauces, pudding, creams.  In recipes, use only half the amount you would use with flour.  Used to make nourishing biscuits for infants.

Native Americans used this rhizome for food and may have used the starch as a carrier for poisons applied to arrows. 

Medicine: Low protein food source adjuvant therapy for kidney problems and for people with gluten allergies. Demulcent agent used for nutritive support for the aged (convalescents).  Nutritional support for cachexia, anorexia, malnutrition, the chronically ill and malnourished.  Root powder is boiled in water and eaten.  Also, useful as a food and medicine for treating dysentery, diarrhea, coughs, bronchitis, indigestion, dyspepsia. 

Chemistry:  Marantae amylum, maranta starch.

Storage:  Keep starch at room temperature and tightly sealed.

Artichoke

Cynara scolymus L.

Asteraceae

Food: Edible fruit is a pubescent achene. Typically steamed whole and served warm.. The tough outer leaves are cut away and the tender inner leaves are eaten. I strip the flesh off the leaf like a beaver-pulling the leave between my clenched front teeth. The delicious heart is protected by a briar patch of hair. Strip the hair away and enjoy the tender heart..

Medicine: Artichoke leaf (dried basal leaves) extract may lower cholesterol, relieve dyspepsia and improve liver function. Used for liver and gall bladder complaints, loss of appetite, abdominal pain, heartburn, nausea and other symptoms as they relate to dyspepsia. It is bitter and hepatostimulating. Stimulates bile secretion, other gastric secretions and peristalsis.

Chemistry: In the leaves, are flavonoids including rutin. Sesquiterpene lactones to include cynaropicrin, cynaratriol, dehydrocyanaropicrin and gross heimin. Caffeic acid derivatives chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, cynarin, cryptochlorogenic acid.

Dosage: dried, comminuted basal leaves or pressed juice. Dried leaf single dose is 500 mg up to 6 grams per day.

Safety: Avoid if bile duct blockage or gallstones. Therapeutic dosage has no other contraindications. Avoid if allergic to thistles, artichokes and other Asteraceae plants.

Root dose not contain caffeic acid derivatives chlorogenic acid, sesquiterpene lactones.

References:

• Fintelman, et al.: Recent results of research on artichoke leaf extract with lipid metabolism and dyspepsia Dtsch Apoth. Ztg. (1996) 136: 1405.
• Gebhardt, R.: Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of artichoke extracts and constituents in cultured rat hepatocyts. Internat workshop on in vitro Toxicology (1996) 6: 24-28.
• Kraft, K.: Artichoke leaf extract-recent findings reflecting effects on lipid metabolism, liver and gastrointestinal tracts . Phytomedicine (1997) 4(4) 369-378.
• Morien, K.: Research Reviews, Benefits of artichoke leaf extract in hypercholesterolemia, dyspepsia and liver function. HerbalGram 44 (1998) p. 21-22.

Asa Foetida, Asafetida

Ferula foetida Regel.

Umbelliferae

Tall herbaceous perennial from the Middle East.  Foul smelling plant. Tall herbaceous perennial from the Middle East.  Foul smelling plant.

Medicine: Gummy resin extracted from the tree.  Considered anti-tumor, anti-microbial.  Used to treat gastrointestinal problems primarily of the lower bowel:  irritable bowel, gastritis.

Chinese use the drug to treat intestinal parasites.  

Ayurvedic uses include treating constipation and upper respiratory problems to include asthma, whooping cough.  Also considered carminative, antispasmodic, expectorant, stimulating:  A nervine and pulmonary stimulant.  Reported to increase sexual desire (aphrodisiac).  Antimicrobial particularly to Staphylococcus and Shigella.  Gum resin of plant used to treat nervous disorders, hysteria and constipation related to hysteria and anxiety.  Antispasmodic to the bowels.

Chemistry:  Coumarins, volatile oils, gums: ferulic acid, umbelliferone, glucuronic acid, , organic disulfide, farnesiferol, mucilage.

Asiatic Dayflower

Commelina communis L.

Commelinaceae

Food: The young leaves and shoots may be added to salads. We get so many of these plants in our garden that I pull handfuls of the shoots, wash the roots and add them to Chinese stir fry. Entire flower is edible sheathed in a connate sepal, as are seeds (also tucked in that sepal sheath). This is free food that comes up every year, get it started and it will become one of your favorite weeds. I eat the plant (flowers in summer and shoots in spring) in salads, leaves, flowers, shoots are delicious. In late summer, flowers keep coming and you can eat seed pods for a healthful dose of essential oils and phytosterols. Whole plant is dried in China and made into tea.  Also, may saute into egg dishes.

Medicine: In China, leaf tea used as a sore throat gargle, for urinary infections, acute intestinal enteritis and dysentery from latter. Used to reduce fevers, detoxicant, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, treat colds, flu, tonsillitis. As diuretic used to treat edema from swelling and pain in joints, arthritis, dieters (diet, dieting) may add this food to their salads diet, dieting as diuretic..

Chemistry: Flowers contain isoflavones and phytosterols. Seed has essential fatty acids and essential and non-essential amino acids. Infusion yields yellowish green to pale yellow drug commelinin, flavocommelin (phenolic compounds, bioflavonoids) (Color Atlas of Chinese Traditional Drugs 4)

Side effects: Eat in moderation. No known side effects from use by this author.

Preparation/Amount: Plants are collected in autumn, dried in sun and infused in hot water as a tea. Typically, up to 3 tablespoons of dried herb to one cup hot water as anti-inflammatory agent. Infused tea water should be pale yellow to green in color.

Asparagus

Asparagus officinalis L.

Liliaceae/Asparagaceae

Uses:  (photo and information)

Food:  Spring shoots eaten.  Popular wild and cultivated food.  Asparagine is the unusual odor given off in urine.  Not all people present this urine odor.

Medicine:  As a food the plant performs as a diuretic, a cleansing herb for the digestive system.  Asparagusic acid in asparagus is nematocidal (kills round worms) and is used to treat schistomiasis.  Eating asparagus may help treat gout (as in Chinese and Indian traditional medicine), rheumatism, cystitis and edema (as a diuretic) from congestive heart failure (dropsy).  

Note: Western medicine strongly suggests that asparagus may contribute to the symptoms of gout.  For more check Ayervedic and Chinese traditional medicinal practices where asparagus is a gout treatment.

Chemistry:  Asparagusic acid, asparagine.

Notes:  Harvest wild asparagus away from roadsides to avoid auto pollutants.

Astragalus

Astragalus membranaceus, (huang chi), (haung qi)

Leguminosae

For more details see Astragalus in Physician's Laptop Reference Section.

Food: Astragalus makes an excellent health promoting soup base. Cook Astragalus, 6 tongue depressor like cuttings of the root, with 2 cups of water (or multiple of this formula) until you have simmered away about a half cup of water. Remove roots and use water as soup base, add stock, herbs and spices, garlic, ginger, soy sauce, sesame seed oil, vegetables and noodles.

Favorite Acute and Chronic Infection Preparation: Six Astragalus root cuttings (look like tongue depressors) with a half handful (3 or 4 grams) of licorice root to three cups of water. Bring to a simmer, then simmer for twenty minutes. Fish out or strain away all root material, then add a cup of brown rice to the Astragalus/Licorice water. Simmer for 30 or 40 minutes with a lid on pan to make soft rice dish. This food may be stored in refrigerator for three days. Traditionally, consumed for acute infection protection, for treating ulcers and stomach upset. Soothing to the entire digestive system.

Medicine: Tonic herb, use sliced root, glycosides, saponins, essential fatty acids. Affinity to spleen lungs, energy slightly warm, sweet, slightly sour. It is an immunotonic, cardiotonic, diuretic, lowers blood pressure, lowers blood sugar, improves circulation to flesh and skin TIM deficient energy, abnormal sweating. Experimental use in treating Alzheimer's disease. May be helpful along with the following tonic herbs: Siberian ginseng, Asian ginseng, Ashwagandha ( Lininger, Wright Gaby et.al. The Nature Pharmacy, Prima health. 1998 Pp.6.

Has been used in China to rebuild immune system are radiation and chemotherapy for cancer.

Notes: As a immune system tonic Astragalus stimulates production of immunological substances throughout body, used to restore immune response in cancer patients. increases both production and activity of white blood cells. does not directly attack cancer, strengthens immune defenses. Helps body resist viral infections, under study as treatment for AIDS it reduces number of T-suppressor cells. Chinese practitioners claim it improves adrenal gland function. May assist digestion. May increase metabolism along with other benefits making it a superior soup base for fighting the onset of colds and flu. According to Balch MD, Prescription for Nutritional Healing it may help deficient immune systems fight AIDS, cancer and other tumors. Chinese practitioners use it for chronic lung deficiencies.

Warning: Chinese practitioners caution against taking with a fever. It is a stimulating herb and is contraindicated with fever.

Chemistry: kumatakenin, glucoronic acid, dimethoxyisoflavone, choline, B-sitosterol, betaine.

Side effects: None when used moderately as described next.

Amount: Take by decoction, or make a tincture 100 grams of sliced root in 1 liter of spirits for 3 months, take one ounce daily, works in combination with ginseng liquor. Water decoction 10 to 15 grams to two cups, simmered down to one cup.

REFERENCES:

Meuninck et al. Natural health with medicinal herbs and healing foods. Media methods 1992 One hour video.

Meuninck. Herbal preparations and nutritional therapies. Media methods. One hour video 1999.

Avocado

(Persea americana M.)

Lauraceae

(Photo/more)

Food: Avocado is glutathione rich, powerful antioxidant works in conjunction with selenium and Vitamin E, may prevent or delay macular degeneration, glaucoma and cataracts of the eyes. As food, fresh, uncooked or very lightly steamed is beneficial to heart, arteries, dilates capillaries and improves circulation, lowers cholesterol, anti-carcinogenic (anti-cancer), protects against artery damaging effects of LDL cholesterol. Do not store in your refrigerator as this flavors and toughens the fruit.

Companion foods High in glutathione: watermelon, asparagus, onion, purslane, spinach, grapefruit, oranges, walnuts, peaches, strawberries, tomatoes, cauliflower; best eaten raw. Keep your eyes in good health and eat some of these foods daily.

Chemistry: Fruit high in glutathione--tripeptide of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine (fundamentally important in respiration, an antioxidant, heavy metal poisoning antidote, may treat hepatitis)...Also contains: monounsaturated fat (oleic acid) phytosterols, copper, coumaric acid, chlorogenic acid, carotenoids, dopamine, essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, lecithin, high PUFA content, quercetrin

Contains serotonin--needed in Mast cells, intestinal mucosa, platelets and brain.  Scientific designation of serotonin is 5-HT or 5-hydroxytryptamine (potent vasoconstrictor, anti-depression, anti-bulemia, important in sensory perception and a sleep promoter). SEE DIETING AND CRAVING FOR MORE INFORMATION (2).

Side Effects: High in plant fats, eat in moderation.

Amount: An avocado a day will keep the cholesterol away.